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The Black Liberation Army (BLA) was an underground, black nationalist militant organization that operated in the United States from 1970 to 1981. Composed largely of former Black Panthers (BPP), the organization's program was one of "armed struggle", and its stated goal was to "take up arms for the liberation and self-determination of black people in the United States."〔(Terrorist Organization Profile ) by University of Maryland's ''National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism'' (START)〕 The BLA carried out a series of bombings, murders, robberies (what participants termed "expropriations"), and prison breaks.〔ODMP, ''NYPD: John G. Scarangella'', Undated. ()〕 ==Formation== The Black Liberation Army gained strength as Black Panther Party membership declined. By 1970, police and FBI pressure (see COINTELPRO), infiltration, sectarianism, the lengthy prison sentences and deaths of key members (among them Fred Hampton, at the hands of police), had significantly undermined the Black Panther Party. This convinced many former party members of the desirability of an underground existence, including the assumption that a new period of violent repression was at hand. BLA members operated under the belief that only through covert means, including but not limited to violent acts, could the movement be continued until such a time when an above-ground existence was possible. The conditions under which the Black Liberation Army formed are not entirely clear. It is commonly believed that the organization was founded by those who left the Black Panther Party after Eldridge Cleaver was expelled from the party's Central Committee.〔Le Monde diplomatique, ''Caged panthers'', 2005. ()〕 A fallout was inevitable between Cleaver and other Panther leaders after he publicly criticized the BPP, among other things accusing Panther social programs of being reformist rather than revolutionary. Others, including black revolutionary Geronimo Pratt (AKA Geronimo ji Jaga), assert that the BLA "as a movement concept pre-dated and was broader than the BPP," suggesting that it was a refuge for ex-Panthers rather than a new organization formed through schism.〔''Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party'', 2001.〕 Maxwell Stanford cites the Black Guards, a wing of the Revolutionary Action Movement, as direct BLA forerunners.() Some accounts of the Black Liberation Army argue that the BLA grew out of the BPP and its original founders were members of the Party. The organization is often presented as a result of the repression on the BPP and the split within the Panthers. It is said to have formed after the collaboration of several Black revolutionary organizations and consisted of the Black underground which came to be collectively known as the Black Liberation Army.〔Umoja, Akinyele Omowale. “Repression Breeds Resistance: The Black Liberation Army and the Radical Legacy of the Black Panther Party.” New Political Science 21.2 (1999): 131-154.〕 Assata Shakur, in her autobiography, asserts “… the Black Liberation Army was not a centralized, organized group with a common leadership and chain of command. Instead there were various organizations and collectives working together and simultaneously independent of each other.” 〔Umoja, Akinyele Omowale. "Repression Breeds Resistance: The Black Liberation Army and the Radical Legacy of the Black Panther Party." New Political Science 21.2 (1999): 131-154.〕 The newly formed BLA believed that "the character of reformism is based on unprincipled class collaboration with our enemy"〔The BLA Coordinating Committee, ''Message to the Black Movement: A Political Statement from the Black Underground''. ()〕 and asserted the following principles: # That we are anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist, anti-racist, and anti-sexist. # That we must of necessity strive for the abolishment of these systems and for the institution of Socialistic relationships in which Black people have total and absolute control over their own destiny as a people. # That in order to abolish our systems of oppression, we must utilize the science of class struggle, develop this science as it relates to our unique national condition. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black Liberation Army」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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